By around 300 B.C., real political power in Rome was centered in the Senate, which at the time included only members of patrician and wealthy plebeian families. These laws included issues of legal procedure, civil rights and property rights and provided the basis for all future Roman civil law. In 450 B.C., the first Roman law code was inscribed on 12 bronze tablets–known as the Twelve Tables–and publicly displayed in the Roman Forum. The Roman forum was more than just home to their Senate. While they were referred to as “Rex,” or “King” in Latin, all the kings after Romulus were elected by the senate. There are seven legendary kings of Rome: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Martius, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (Tarquin the Elder), Servius Tullius and Tarquinius Superbus, or Tarquin the Proud (534-510 B.C.). A line of Sabine, Latin and Etruscan (earlier Italian civilizations) kings followed in a non-hereditary succession. After killing his brother, Romulus became the first king of Rome, which is named for him. Left to drown in a basket on the Tiber by a king of nearby Alba Longa and rescued by a she-wolf, the twins lived to defeat that king and found their own city on the river’s banks in 753 B.C. by Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Mars, the god of war. Origins of RomeĪs legend has it, Rome was founded in 753 B.C. was one of the most dramatic implosions in the history of human civilization.
The long and triumphant reign of its first emperor, Augustus, began a golden age of peace and prosperity by contrast, the Roman Empire’s decline and fall by the fifth century A.D. After 450 years as a republic, Rome became an empire in the wake of Julius Caesar’s rise and fall in the first century B.C. Among the many legacies of Roman dominance are the widespread use of the Romance languages (Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian) derived from Latin, the modern Western alphabet and calendar and the emergence of Christianity as a major world religion.
Internal Struggles in the Late Republicīeginning in the eighth century B.C., Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italy’s Tiber River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands.
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